It's one of those ideas that seems obvious... after someone else thinks of it. Public health researchers in New York City searched Yelp for complaints that sounded like food poisoning. Only 3 percent (15 of 500) of the suspicious incidents had been reported to the city. The researchers caution that it took a lot of work to review and follow up on the Yelp complaints, that they weren't able to identify any of the infectious agents in the outbreaks they found, and that despite all their work they still may have missed cases.
So this experience indicates that while social media may be useful in identifying food borne illness outbreaks, it's not simple.
Read the full report in this week's MMWR from the CDC:
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6320a1.htm?s_cid=mm6320a1_w
Health, Not Medicine
Health is not merely the absence of disease. Medicine tries to minimize or delay disease, it does not make us healthy. Health is part heritage, part environment, part habit.
Thursday, May 22, 2014
Sunday, July 08, 2012
What the Higgs boson and health care reform have in common
Along an undulating ridge just south of Menlo Park, Calif.,
SLAC runs laser-straight. It is my path not taken.
Credit: SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory |
When I arrived for a tour during freshman orientation, SLAC stood
for Stanford Linear Accelerator Center. The name has changed to the SLAC
National Accelerator Laboratory, but the function is the same. It’s a drag
strip that causes crashes. But rather than hosting funny car dragsters
screeching to a few hundred mph, SLAC shoots particles with funny names to
nearly the speed of light, just to see what happens when they hit head on.
SLAC is a direct ancestor of the Large Hadron Collider that
produced subatomic fireworks that in turn produced fireworks in the physics,
cosmology, and philosophy worlds with word that the Higgs boson almost
certainly exists.
As I toured SLAC, I saw my Stanford studies possibly leading
to a life-long pursuit of meaning in the squiggles of particle collision
representations like those displayed with Higgs announcements. But my path
veered off from the two-mile-long subterranean particle gun to another basement
home: the newsroom of KZSU 90.1 FM. Halfway to a BS in physics, I pivoted from
science to science journalism and ultimately to the health beat.
But that personal thread is not the Higgs - health care link
to which the title of this note refers.
Do you understand what a Higgs boson really is? How it relates
to photons, electrons, neutrinos, quarks, gluons, gravitons and other denizens
of the quantum world? That’s okay. I can’t say I’ve got a solid grip on it all…
and I studied this stuff (or at least what was taught about it decades ago) in
a department liberally sprinkled with Nobel winners.
Representation of likely Higgs event. Courtesy CERN. |
So what’s it got to do with health care reform? Well, it
took me a lot of hard hours in classes like “The Philosophical Problems of
Quantum Mechanics” to make peace with the chasm separating normal human
experience from the quirky ways of quarks and their kin. Similarly, I’ve come
to terms with health care only by surrendering any expectation that it works
like normal business.
That’s not to say the quantum world or health care are without
order and rules; it’s just that they aren’t the rules of the world most of us
see and touch. We live in a Newtonian world. When I’d push through a swinging
door on my way to introductory physics class, diagrams of vectors and angular
momentum would pop into my head. I could feel the physics in my hand on the
door. But in the quantum world, a photon is both a wave and a particle.
Electrons don’t orbit an atomic nucleus the way planets loop around a star,
they exist in probabilistic clouds, sort of everywhere and nowhere at the same
time. Schrödinger's cat
is simultaneously alive and dead.
It seems crazy, but do the right experiments and you get the
same results every time. The formulas, the rules, work. They predict what will
happen… even if the consistent result feels so wrong, so unnatural, so at odds
with normal experience.
Likewise with health care. In normal life, demand drives
supply; increasingly supply usually brings down prices. In health care, supply
creates demand; prices may bear only a tenuous relationship to either the
supply/demand balance or the cost of production. Double the number of MRIs in a
city and the number of scans usually rises to try to satisfy the increased
capacity. Meanwhile, under conventional fee-for-service payment, prices may
actually rise if the machines (with largely fixed overhead) aren’t used as
efficiently. Oh, and as far as health goes, the increased number of MRIs (and
the increased spending on scans) will probably produce little or no additional
health benefit, because when it’s easy to schedule a scan, people with less
urgent need tend to get scanned, even if they’d probably be just fine without
one.
You hear people say we should buy health care like we shop
for other consumer items. Sure, if you are in the habit of buying a TV without
knowing how much it will cost or whether it will tune in the stations you want
to watch until after you bring it home and hire a crew to install it. No
returns. And remember, you don’t really decide what to purchase, your doctor
does. Next time you go shopping for a car, just give the salesperson a blank
check and tell her to recommend whatever car she thinks you need.
But again, as with the quantum world, health care is not
chaos, even if the order is difficult to discern. Most of us can’t make sense
of things… but that doesn’t mean there are no rules. It does mean that
expecting health care to work like home electronics is like expecting Higgs
bosons to behave like billiard balls. Ain’t gonna happen.
There is one important way this analogy doesn’t work. Making
health decisions and enacting health care policies based on a simplistic belief
that health care works like normal things is likely to cost lives… and much of
our economic future. In contrast, believing that the quantum world should
behave like the world we see and feel is not likely to kill you… unless you are
Schrödinger's cat.
Sunday, September 25, 2011
Smoking, Fat & Sex. Quick note on public health reports
Among updates from the American Journal of Public Health, these caught my eye:
Smoking
Tobacco control crusader Stan Glantz and colleagues comment on how people in the global tobacco control community have not only developed a consensus on the evidence, but figured out how to advocate for policies and actions that can reduce the public health of tobacco.
Bonus vocabulary lesson: ep·i·ste·mic/ˌepəˈstemik/ It means something to do with knowledge. In this case it refers to the body of scientific evidence that tobacco control experts developed and draw on.
Fat
There are a few reports relating to how fat we're getting. One draws a line connecting obesity in the United States and our poor showing on international measures of life expectancy. The researchers looked at how much longer people could expect to live once they reach middle age. Using 2006 data, they say obesity may slice almost two years off life expectancy for middle age Americans and that's a substantial part of the difference between the US and other countries. The article is Contribution of Obesity to International Differences in Life Expectancy.
Then there is a re-examination of the effect of obesity in later life. Some reports have indicated that being fat may make less of a difference to life expectancy as we get older. But this analysis concludes that there might be a problem with how some researchers have used the data. The apparent diminishing effect might actually be a mirage caused by the fact that people in older generations aren't as fat as those in younger generations. So being obese in old age may be just as hazardous to your health as being fat when you are young. See Reexamining the Declining Effect of Age on Mortality Differentials Associated With Excess Body Mass: Evidence of Cohort Distortions in the United States.
And then an experiment in Australia concluded that PE classes in elementary school do a better job of keeping kids thinner if they are led by specialists rather than general classroom teachers. There was also some improvement seen in some measures of academic performance. Physical Education, Obesity, and Academic Achievement: A 2-Year Longitudinal Investigation of Australian Elementary School Children
Sex
Boyfriends and girlfriends deserve more attention than husbands and wives, at least in the circumstances addressed by a British study.
Imagine you are a local public health official trying to contain a sexually transmitted disease. When you find a case, which makes more of a difference: notifying spouses or other steady partners or tracking down casual hookups? These researchers say that based on their analysis of chlamydia cases, notifying casual partners was a more effective way of interrupting transmission. It takes more work, but the effort may be worth it. Estimating the Likely Public Health Impact of Partner Notification for a Clinical Service: An Evidence-Based Algorithm
Friday, September 16, 2011
Neurotransmitters, Immune Function and Social Determinants of Health
There is a fascinating article on The Scientist web site about "Neurotransmitter-Regulated Immunity."
It reports on a pair of research articles delving into the relationship between our brains and our immune responses. The experiments were done on mice. Normally, I resist paying much attention to animal experiments, because they often turn out to not really tell us much about human health. But these research efforts are shining some light on basic mechanisms that could help explain phenomena that we've all seen play out in real life.
One of the most consistent observations in population health is that people in wealthier neighborhoods tend to be healthier and live longer than those in poor neighborhoods. What is particularly striking is that even after you take into account differences in lifestyle (smoking, physical activity, body weight) some of the discrepancies persist.
Then there is the data indicating that people with higher status jobs tend to be healthier than those at the bottom of the work hierarchy. Again, some of the difference persists even when researchers try to factor in lifestyle and other characteristics. It seems there is something about being at the top of the heap that translates into better health.
These health disparities are also seen in countries (Britain for example) that have universal health care coverage and where the differences in the kind of health care available to rich and poor are much less extreme than in the United States.
Along
the same lines, researchers continue to investigate how racism itself
might explain some of the health disparities between members of majority
and minority communities.
Stress has been offered as one potential explanation for a link between social factors and physical health. Much of the attention has gone to corticosteroids. These naturally-occurring hormones (also distilled for use as medications) can sometimes suppress immune function.
The research discussed in The Scientist involves a different set of substances in our bodies, including acetylcholine and noradrenalin. The animal research indicated these neurotransmitters can affect how the immune system works.
Maybe it's another piece of the machinery that connects how we live, how we feel... and how likely we are to get sick and die.
Sunday, September 11, 2011
Blaming the Victim for Pedestrian Killings
I just came across a copy of a letter of mine the Oregonian newspaper printed earlier this year. I wrote it in response to an editorial that put a lot of the blame for a spike in pedestrian deaths on the pedestrians who died, largely absolving the drivers who killed them.
If we are to be less obese, less prone to diabetes and
heart attacks, overall healthier, we have to make walking safer and more
enjoyable. Endorsing the view that walking is inherently dangerous and
that anyone who wants to walk rather than sit in a car does so at her or
his own risk condemns us to an increasing cycle of inactivity, ill
health and ever greater dependence on medicine to sustain us.
Text of my letter:
She was asking for it. The way she was dressed. The way she acted. Didn't she know the kind of people she might run into there? Who could really blame them for what happened to her?I'm not talking about rape. I'm paraphrasing typical comments about people who are just trying to walk down the street.Imagine your daughter (or son) were hit while walking to catch the bus to school. Maybe she was distracted. Maybe she didn't jump into the roadside mud quite fast enough. Maybe she was dressed to please her friends, rather than a safety monitor. Would you want drivers, police, road authorities or even newspaper editors to conclude that, “She was asking for it”?
Thursday, September 08, 2011
A Twist on Income Inequality & Health
A multitude of studies has found an association between income inequality and health; that is, in places where there is less of a gap between rich and poor, people tend to be healthier and live longer.
Now there's a study that adds a twist. The study sought to explain why health care costs more in the United States than in other countries. The researchers concluded that physicians in the U.S. get paid substantially more than physicians in other countries and it is that difference in fees, rather than factors such as the amount of health care people get, that explains much of the differences in health care spending.
Here's where income inequality comes in. The researchers compared doctor salaries to the range of incomes in certain countries. One conclusion:
"High physician fees in the United States may reflect the cost of attracting skilled candidates to medicine in a society with a relatively more skewed income distribution."
In other words, since high income earners in the US do so much better than the average person here, doctors expect to get similarly big paychecks compared to people doing other jobs. In countries where there is less of a gap between the salaries of CEOs and line workers, doctors earn less on average... and that means health care doesn't cost as much.
When we debate health, the discussion often seems narrowly focused on what pills or procedures are available, or what's cooking in medical research labs. But medical science and clinical skills are not the whole story. This latest report illuminates one more way in which other factors, such as income inequality, influence health care and health.
Monday, July 18, 2011
An Honest Reply to a PR Pitch... and the telling silence that followed
SEE UPDATE AT BOTTOM OF POST
I received this impersonal pitch from a PR firm. I couldn't resist replying.
(Identifying information disguised because I'm a nice guy.)
From: E.... . [mailto:e....@....pr.com]
Sent: Monday, July 18, 2011 10:40 AM
To: E.... .
Subject: Request for editorial calendar
Good Afternoon!
I was hoping you could please provide me with your editorial calendar for the 2011-2012 year.
Please let me know if this is possible, thank you so much in advance.
Have a great day!
Best,
E....
--
E.... S.....
.... Associates
(...) ...-....
.....@....pr.com
----------------------------------
I'll let you know if I hear back from this PR company. Don't hold your breath.
--------------------------
Well, whaddya know... I did get a response, though I'm waiting to see if any substance follows.
Thank you so much for your help!
Best,
E....
UPDATE 8/18/11
Well, it's been a month now. I've heard nothing more. Seems my journalistic interests and the marketing of their clients don't appear to match up. What a surprise.
Sad to say, though, I will bet they had more success elsewhere getting their messages placed. Sigh.
I received this impersonal pitch from a PR firm. I couldn't resist replying.
(Identifying information disguised because I'm a nice guy.)
From: E.... . [mailto:e....@....pr.com]
Sent: Monday, July 18, 2011 10:40 AM
To: E.... .
Subject: Request for editorial calendar
Good Afternoon!
I was hoping you could please provide me with your editorial calendar for the 2011-2012 year.
Please let me know if this is possible, thank you so much in advance.
Have a great day!
Best,
E....
--
E.... S.....
.... Associates
(...) ...-....
.....@....pr.com
----------------------------------
Dear Ms. S.....,
The editorial calendar is in flux. We would be pleased to see submissions related to the following topics:
- The influence of marketing on medical decision-making
- Comparative effectiveness trials that include behavioral or social interventions, akin to the Diabetes Prevention Program http://is.gd/jYjWYm
- Conflicts of interest in medical research and clinical practice (although we doubt we can catch up to the stellar reporting of John Fauber at the Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel that was recognized by the Association of Health Care Journalists, http://is.gd/seMf14)
- Community-Based Participatory Research (such as The Multisite Translational Community Trial http://is.gd/zsBrsp) that investigates actual benefits and harms of medical interventions in clinical practice, rather than the idealized setting of a typical Randomized Controlled Trial
- Research into community, economic, political, educational and other determinants of health that can help illuminate the reasons that health in the United States is steadily falling behind that of countries that spend far less on medicine
- Research into health care system designs that track and reward health outcomes, rather than just health care inputs
I could go on, but I think you get the gist. I would be very interested in any leads on these and other related health topics.
Regards,
Andrew Holtz, MPH
I'll let you know if I hear back from this PR company. Don't hold your breath.
--------------------------
Well, whaddya know... I did get a response, though I'm waiting to see if any substance follows.
From: E.... . [mailto:e....@....pr.com]
Sent: Monday, July 18, 2011 2:21 PM
To: holtzreport@juno.com
Subject: Re: Request for editorial calendar
Andrew-Sent: Monday, July 18, 2011 2:21 PM
To: holtzreport@juno.com
Subject: Re: Request for editorial calendar
Thank you so much for your help!
Best,
E....
UPDATE 8/18/11
Well, it's been a month now. I've heard nothing more. Seems my journalistic interests and the marketing of their clients don't appear to match up. What a surprise.
Sad to say, though, I will bet they had more success elsewhere getting their messages placed. Sigh.
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